Civil Engineering Simplified
Structural steel fabrication is a process that involves bending, cutting, shaping and assembling structural steel components to create complicated and accurate industrial and residential structures. Structural steel fabrication has a very high strength-to-weight ratio. Because of this versatility and flexibility, engineers use structural steel fabrication extensively in various industrial, residential and commercial projects.
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Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC), an advanced form of Reinforced Cement Concrete is finding wide applications these days. Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is a versatile and durable composite material consisting of a cementitious matrix with uniformly dispersed fibers. The addition of discontinuous, discrete fibers to cement, mortar or concrete mixes can enhance the concrete properties.
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Pile foundation is the most flexible foundation in deep foundation category. Pile foundations types are classified based on functions,methods and materials types. The basic types of piles are end bearing piles and friction piles
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Terrazzo flooring is a stunning and durable option for residential and commercial spaces. It combines marble, quartz, granite, or glass chips with a cement or epoxy binder to create a unique and elegant surface. Terrazzo floors offer endless design possibilities, with various colours, patterns, and finishes available. With its timeless appeal, durability, and low maintenance, terrazzo flooring is a popular choice for those seeking a beautiful, long-lasting solution.
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Flyovers and bridges are essential transportation structures that enable the seamless movement of vehicles and pedestrians. While both serve similar purposes, flyovers navigate intersections efficiently as elevated roads, while bridges connect points over bodies of water or valleys. Their distinct features make them vital components of modern infrastructure. This article is about the features and advantages of Flyovers and bridges and the difference between flyovers and bridges.
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Constructing a building involves several stages, including preconstruction and post-construction phases. The preconstruction stage encompasses project initiation, design and planning, obtaining permits and approvals, and procurement and contracting. It sets the foundation for successful construction by defining objectives, creating designs, securing necessary permissions, and selecting contractors.
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IPS flooring, also known as Indian Patent Stone flooring, is a popular type of flooring widely used in commercial and industrial spaces. It is a durable, cost-effective solution providing a smooth surface. IPS floor consists of a mixture of cement, aggregates, and pigments, which is poured onto a prepared base and then finished to achieve the desired level and texture.
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Reinforced Cement Concrete or RCC is a versatile and widely used construction material. RCC combines concrete’s compressive strength with steel reinforcement’s tensile strength. It forms by mixing cement, aggregates, water, and steel reinforcement bars to create a composite material. RCC is known for its excellent structural performance, durability, fire resistance, and other environmental factors.
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Grit Chambers are one of the most commonly used types of equipment in the wastewater treatment process. In this blog, I will walk you through the mechanism, types and uses of grit chambers. Before diving deep into grit chambers, make sure that you go through these blogs so that you know what exactly happens in a wastewater treatment plant.
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Tensile structures or Tension in structures refers to the internal force created within a structure due to an applied load that tends to pull or stretch the structural members apart. When a force is applied in tension to a structure, the structural elements experience a stretching effect, which creates tensile stress within the material. This stress can cause the material to deform, and if the tension becomes too great, it can cause the material to fail or break.
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Azeotropes or azeotropic mixtures have always been a topic of interest due to their unique properties and the inability to separate them completely using conventional distillation. A classic example of azeotropes occurs in winemaking wherein an Ethanol-water mixture forms an azeotropic mixture at 96% Ethanol by volume which prohibits its further purification by distillation. In this blog, let’s look at how this happens and how we can separate such azeotropic mixtures.
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Types of beams popularly used In construction and engineering are classified based on their shape, the way they are supported, their structural behaviour etc. The beam is a horizontal or sloping structural member that supports a load and resists bending. Beams are typically made from materials such as wood, steel, or concrete, and are used to support floors, roofs, and walls, as well as to bridge gaps between supports.
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Cement is an integral part of all types of construction ranging from huge skyscrapers, bridges, tunnels, etc to small residential buildings. It is one of the oldest and most used binding materials and an integral ingredient used in the construction sector. There are different types of cement available in the market. Each type of cement has its application depending on its properties.
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Louvered flush door
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Development length is an essential concept in civil engineering that refers to the length of reinforcement required to transfer the force from the steel reinforcement to the surrounding concrete. It is crucial in ensuring that the reinforcement is effectively bonded to the concrete to resist the applied forces. “The development length depends on several factors, including the diameter of the bar and the strength of the concrete. “Another factor that affects the development length is the bond strength between the steel reinforcement and the surrounding concrete.”
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Camber in roads is the slope or angle built into the road surface, typically seen on curved or sloped sections of the road. This slope is designed to provide several benefits, including improved drainage, enhanced vehicle stability, and better driver visibility. The purpose of camber on roads is to ensure safe and comfortable driving conditions for motorists.
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Driven piles support structures and transmit loads to underlying soil or rock, as they are a type of deep foundation used for this purpose. Contractors use driven piles, made of steel, concrete, or wood, to support structures and transmit loads to underlying soil or rock. They also call them displacement piles. The installation of driven piles involves driving them into the ground using impact hammers or vibratory drives until they reach a layer of rock or soil that can support the required loads.
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All cement price list today is the most important update every construction engineer and civil engineering construction firm should be familiar with. Cement is the most significant and widely used construction material which forms an integral part of any structure. Cement is the major ingredient of concrete and mortar and the structural stability and life of a structure or building depend on the cement quality.
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A sheet pile is a type of driven pile that uses sections of sheet materials with interlocking edges. We generally install Sheet piles for lateral earth retention, excavation support, and shoreline protection operations. They are typically made of steel, but can also be made of vinyl, wood, or aluminium. Sheet piles are installed in sequence to the design depth along the excavation perimeter or seawall alignment.
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Steam distillation is a separation process in which we separate a mixture of immiscible components by introducing steam and subsequently condensing the vapours. In this blog, I will walk you through steam distillation and its principles. First, let us understand the instances in which we opt for Steam distillation over other separation processes.
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Calculating the unit weight of steel bars with various diameters is crucial when creating a schedule for bar bending. The total weight of steel bars required for the project’s construction can be calculated once we know the unit weight of steel.
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Ultrasonic pulse velocity test is an example of the non-destructive tests of concrete. Non-destructive tests (NDT) and destructive tests (DT) are the tests done on hardened concrete. Concrete is the oldest and most important construction material in the world. For confirming, the structural stability, strength, durability, and condition, testing of concrete plays an important role.
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Bitumen types for road layers are a vital topic to comprehend when it comes to road construction. Bitumen is preferred for flexible pavements in road construction because it has many advantages over other pavement construction materials.
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Green Hydrogen sector – In an effort to reduce emissions and establish itself as a major exporter of green hydrogen, India has approved a $2.11 billion incentive programme, the information minister announced on Wednesday.
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Brown algae absorb a lot of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release some of the carbon they have absorbed as mucus back into the
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A 255 MW hybrid (wind and solar) power project in Karnataka has been awarded to Tata Power Renewable Energy (TPREL), a Tata Power subsidiary, by Tata Power Delhi Distribution, a joint venture between Tata Power and the government of the NCT of Delhi.
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EKA, a subsidiary of Pinnacle Industries that specialises in electric cars and technology, and NuPort Robotics, a Canadian autonomous trucking firm, have announced that their electric bus for EKA Mobility would be the country’s first to use Level 2 autonomy with ADAS features.
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Nature Aging indicates that genetically modified mitochondria can transform solar energy into chemical energy that cells can utilise. The research illuminates key ageing pathways, even though the idea of sunlight-charged cells in humans is more science fiction than reality.
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Bitumen for roads is an important topic to understand when it comes to road construction. Bitumen is used in road construction because of the wide range of features and advantages it possesses over other pavement construction materials. The significance of bitumen in the construction of roads will be demonstrated in this article. In addition, we shall see bitumen road layers, various bituminous materials, cutback bitumen, bitumen grade, and bitumen properties.
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The aluminum composite panel popularly known as an ACP sheet is a new-age paneling material used for architectural building exteriors (facades), interiors, kitchen cabinets, and signage applications.
ACP sheets are flat panels having a non-aluminum core sandwiched between two thin coil-coated aluminum sheets. Aluminum Composite Panel is the most durable and flexible decorative surface material available with enhanced performance properties.
Formwork in construction refers to a mould used to shape concrete into structural shapes (beams, columns, slabs, shells) for buildings and other structures. Concrete is one of the most popular building materials due to its exceptional properties and advantages. However, in order to create construction components, concrete must be poured into a specific mould.
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Types of bonds in brick masonry commonly used in construction are detailed in this article. Bricks are rectangular construction materials. The common use of bricks is for the construction of walls, paving, etc. Also, bricks are economical and easy to handle.
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Concrete Mixing or Mixing of concrete is the complete blending of the ingredients necessary for the production of a homogeneous concrete.
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Test of cement on site or field tests of cement is one of the most crucial things to be performed to assure the quality of the construction. Even with the finest protection, the cement still has the potential of absorbing moisture while being transported.
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Cofferdams are enclosures built inside bodies of water such as lakes and rivers to provide a dry working environment throughout the construction period. Cofferdams are temporary dykes that are built across a body of water. They allow the water to be pumped outside, ensuring a clean and dry construction site.
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Refractory brick is a special type of brick that has the ability to withstand high temperatures. In this article, we will discuss refractory bricks, their Properties and types
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Waffle slabs are ribbed reinforced concrete slabs. A waffle slab often referred to as a ribbed slab, is a structural component that is plain on top and has a grid pattern on the bottom. A waffle slab also called a two-way joist slab got ribs running perpendicular to each other in two directions on the underside. This slab resembles pockets of waffles because of its grid pattern. Hence they are named Waffle slab systems.
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Curing of concrete is the process of maintaining requisite moisture and temperature in hardened concrete for continued hydration. The curing of concrete plays a prime role in maintaining the design strength and durability of concrete. This article explains the significance of curing, and the types of curing methods prevailing in construction sites.
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What is intelligent transportation system? It is the application of sensing, analysis, control and communications technologies to ground transportation in order to improve safety, mobility and efficiency. Components of ITS are 1. Tracking system 2. Electronic timetable 3. Smart commuting… Benefits of ITS, uses and challenges of ITS are also thoroughly explained in the article
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Joints in construction or Construction joint is an essential and integral part of civil engineering and construction. Concrete tends to expand and contract with changes in temperature and moisture. Since concrete is weak in tension, shrinkage of concrete causes cracks in concrete.
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Furrow method of irrigation is one of the surface irrigation methods. It is subdivided into straight furrows and contour furrow. I will explain the important details about each of them. Also, we will find out the construction method and advantages of furrow irrigation in the blog. Furrow method of irrigation is very much used for row crops like maize, jowar, sugarcane, cotton, tobacco, groundnut, potatoes etc.
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Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete or GFRC is made up of portland cement, fine aggregate, water, acrylic copolymer, alkali-resistant glass fibre, reinforcement, and additives. Glass fiber-reinforced concrete or GFRC is a type of fiber-reinforced concrete. The glass fibers used in Glass Fiber reinforcement concrete give this distinctive compound its strength.
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What is principle of surveying?
1. Working from whole to part- First principle of surveying. 2. Taking extra care in fixing new control points- Second principle of surveying
Types of admixture that should be used in concrete depend on the structure’s intended use, design strength, pouring conditions, and other factors. In the construction industry, concrete is the most commonly used material. Admixture is a material that is added to concrete along with cement, sand, water, and aggregates to modify or enhance the properties of the concrete and make it more suitable for a specific environment.
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PCC concrete of Plain Cement Concrete (PCC) is without reinforcement steel. Plain cement concrete (PCC) is high in compression and very low in tension. Plain cement concrete is commonly used over the ground to keep footing reinforcement from coming into direct contact with the soil.
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Biochemical Oxygen Demand or BOD gives a measure of the amount of oxygen that the microbes utilize to degrade organic materials in a water body. Also, BOD measures the chemical oxidation of inorganic materials i.e., the removal of oxygen from water via a chemical reaction. The BOD value is generally expressed in milligrams of oxygen used per litre of the sample over a 5-day incubation period at 20 °C, and it is frequently used as an estimate of the degree of organic pollution in water. The reduction of BOD is used in evaluating the efficacy of wastewater treatment systems.
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Culverts are tunnel structures constructed beneath rail tracks or roadways to facilitate cross drainage or to convey electrical cables from one side to the other. It is completely encircled by ground or soil. Pipe, box, and arch culverts are the most common types deployed under roadways and railroads.
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Types of Bridges can range from modest constructions to massive, eye-catching pieces of art – and everything in between. A bridge serves its sole purpose as long as it transports us across a gap. Types of bridges are an important classification in civil engineering.
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Types of shallow foundations – Foundations are broadly classified into shallow foundations and deep foundations. This article is a total overview of shallow foundations and the types of Shallow foundations.
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A Total station in surveying is used for computing slant distances, horizontal and vertical angles, elevations in topographic and geodetic works, tacheometric surveys, etc. The total station is a pre-eminent contribution to modern surveying and hence the equipment is designed for speed, range, and accuracy.
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The components of the staircase must fulfil specific functional requirements. The main components of the staircase include Stringers, Treads, Risers, flights, Winders, Landing, Handrails Balusters etc. A staircase is one of the most important structural elements of a building.
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Testing of Bricks is performed both on the job site and in the laboratory. A variety of testing on bricks is performed to verify their suitability for use in construction. Bricks are one of the oldest and most significant building materials due to their longevity, dependability, strength, and low cost.
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Coning of wheels is an interesting topic in railway engineering. In this blog, we will see the theory of coming of rail wheels, starting from what is coning of wheels. What is coning of wheels? The space between the inner borders of wheel rims is by and large kept less than the measurement of the track.
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In the past five years, autonomous driving has become a reality and is commercially available now. A car that would drive on its own was something beyond imagination a few decades back. Thanks to technological development, self driving cars are becoming a reality.
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Dams are obstructions constructed across the water bodies to control the water flow and water levels. Each components of dams play specific roles in managing their prime responsibility of managing water. This article is about the components of dam and their functions.
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Raft foundation is a continuous solid slab resting on the soil and covering the total area of the structure. Raft foundations and types of raft foundation based on their applications . The selection of the type of raft foundation depends on a lot of factors like bearing capacity, loads, site conditions, etc
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Raft foundation is a continuous slab that completely covers the proposed structure’s entire site and rests on the soil. Depending on the applications and design loads, there are various types of raft foundations. Numerous factors, such as bearing capacity, loads, site conditions, etc., have an impact on the choice of raft foundation types.
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“Tile and marble ” are the most debated flooring materials that come into the picture while finalizing the interiors. Replacement of most interior material is easy, fast, and economical. However, replacing flooring material is a costly and tedious affair. Hence choose a durable and low-maintenance flooring material that could match the interior themes.
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Quality tests are to be conducted on concrete at various stages of batching, production and placing. Quality tests play an important role in.
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Types of traffic signals – Traffic signals regulate the movement of both vehicles and pedestrians by assigning priorities to various traffic movements. Traffic signals are broadly classified into three. 1) Traffic control signals, 2) Pedestrian Signals, 3) Special traffic signs
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The heat of hydration in the heat liberated from the reaction between cement and water. Cement is a binding material. It consists of ingredients such as lime, Silica, Alumina etc. Water is added to cement to make it adhesive so that we can use it in construction. This article is about heat of hydration of cement.
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Timber is wood suitable for construction purposes.Timber is wood suitable for construction purposes. The term “wood” refers to the constituent parts of the tree that carry water and nutrients. Timber is a type of wood. This is used after the tree has fallen or been crushed. Various Quality tests are carried out in order to determine the quality and sustainability of the Timbers.
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Pond ash is a by-product of the processes in power plants or otherwise, we can say Pond ash is a waste product from coal-based power plants. It has several applications in civil engineering mainly in the construction sector. Pond ash is a valuable additive to cement and concrete, used as structural fill material in place of soil or other mined materials, and so on. This blog will go through the basic details, properties, applications and limitations.
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Aqueduct is a cross drainage structure constructed to channel water from the rivers or stream to the distribution points. But modern engineering aqueduct is a cross drainage system constitute of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and supporting structures constructed/laid to convey water from a source to the main distribution points. Aqueducts play and important role in maintaining the strategic flow between drainage water with canal water.
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Properties of Cement like fineness,consistency,setting time,heat of hydration,soundness etc plays significant roles in maintaining the quality of structure.
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Metal ceilings are architectural features consisting of a ceiling finished with metal plates with patterns pressed into them. False ceilings frequently use metals like galvanized iron, steel, and aluminium. Metal ceiling tiles have long been employed in the building. Most of its applications are in non-residential structures like businesses, schools, airports, hospitals, hotels, and shopping centers.
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The progressive house design of a house is the one that admits change; a house that grows as your needs change… You can definitely find one in nova city skymarketing .
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Ecological house or Earthship House models are passive, bioclimatic, and self-sustaining designs. An architecture that promotes the reuse of waste materials and energy independence.
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Interior design is the art or practice of strategizing and managing the planning, design and execution of architectural interiors and their finishes and furnishings. When we decide to build our home, a path begins that generates proposals in a much larger spectrum than what refers to the house itself.
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Prefabricated and modular houses, as found in New City Paradise, are like putting together a puzzle. But best of all is that from one or more pieces, it is you who decides the final image. The future of housing design will probably be increasingly closer to the modality of prefabricated and modular houses.
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Cement ingredients constitutes Lime ,silica, aluminium and iron oxide. Cement ingredients are responsible for the properties of cement.
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Why green building is important? Main concept of green building 1. Powerful sites 2. Wizardry in construction 3. Green building rating tools 4. Energy efficiency
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Highway engineering is an important topic in civil engineering. It includes the study of roads in depth. The technical aspects involved in this subject plays a significant role in construction of different types of roads. In this blog, I will show you all the details of the subject including the definition, topics, importance etc.
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Cement is the most significant building material used in construction. Manufacturing process of cement is categorised into dry process and wet process….
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Metal False ceiling using Galvanised Iron, Steel and Aluminium. Depending on the applications metal false ceiling are divided into Clip In tiles,Lay in tile
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An artificial ceiling below the main roof of a room or a building is known as a false ceiling. False ceilings are second layer roofs, hanging from the main roof on suspended hanger supports. False ceilings provide an attractive and aesthetically pleasing look on the roofs. This article is about the top 7 trending materials for false ceilings.
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Epoxy floor types includes self levelling epoxy floor, epoxy mortar floors, quartz filled epoxy floors, anti static epoxy floors, epoxy flake floors etc
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Green walls are independent vertical structures or structures attached to the wall having a medium for plants built in irrigation systems. We are living in a polluted environment so it is very much advisable to keep indoor plants which purifies air and makes us free fresh and energetic.
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Ready mix concrete refers to a concrete manufactured from a batching plant according to customer Design Mix. Ready mix Concrete is conveyed…
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Prestressing of concrete is done by inducing predetermined compressive stresses to concrete by tensioning the steel, before subjecting it to service loads. In prestressed Concrete, the stress developed during the service stage is countered by the already induced compressive stresses. Prestressing is a technique that combines the strong compressive strength of concrete with the high tensile strength of steel. This page discusses prestressed concrete, various prestressing methods, and how prestressing works.
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Vertical Gardens/Green walls are self-contained vertical installations affixed to a wall that comprises a medium for plants and built-in irrigation systems. Since we live in a polluted environment, it is essential to keep trees and plants that cleanse the air and make us all feel free, fresh, and energised. This article discusses Vertical gardens and their healing properties.
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The bitumen softening Point Test is done to determine the consistency of bitumen. Bitumen is a viscoelastic material, which means it behaves like both a liquid and a solid state. It does not have a specific melting point. As the temperature increases, the bitumen becomes softer and the viscosity of the bitumen decreases. One of the common parameters for classifying bitumen is the softening point of the bitumen. This property shows at what temperature the bitumen softens.
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Are you tired of your failed attempts to plant succulents and searching for those that are simple to grow? We do have some exciting news, though! Low-maintenance succulents are the perfect choice for newbie gardeners! Here’s a list of the top 5 beginner-friendly succulents to start with.
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The penetration test for bitumen is a laboratory method for grading bitumen based on its hardness. In this test, the amount of penetrating a specific needle into the bitumen is measured.
More than 85% of bitumen is used in road construction. Weather condition affects on bitumen binder. In cold weather, bitumen becomes hard, and the possibility of cracking increases. On the other hand, hot weather causes bitumen becomes soft and sticky.
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Types of false ceilings, materials to be used and their selection are one of the most difficult challenges anyone should face when planning a new structure or restoring an existing one. The false ceiling materials should be durable and meet the requirements of the application locations. Ceiling systems are of numerous types for home interiors. False ceilings are classified in multiple ways based on their applications, materials used, appearance, and visibility. The most frequent categorisation, however, is based on the materials employed.
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Types of foundations – This article focuses on different types of foundations used in civil engineering. The foundation is the most crucial component of any structure/building because it transfers the total loads of the structure and its components to a competent ground surface. There are two types of foundations. ie : Shallow foundations and deep foundations
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Hydroelectric energy, also known as hydroelectric power or hydroelectricity, is a type of energy that generates electricity by harnessing the power of moving water, such as a waterfall. Hydroelectric power is the most widely used renewable energy source. China is the world’s greatest hydroelectric power producer. The United States, Brazil, Canada, India, and Russia are among the world’s biggest hydropower producers. Hydropower accounts for over 71% of all renewable electricity generated on the planet.
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The Montreal Protocol is an international pact that aims to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the manufacture of a variety of ozone-depleting compounds. It promotes international cooperation in reversing the rapid drop in ozone concentrations in the atmosphere.
Countries committed to phasing down the manufacture and consumption of certain ozone-depleting substances under the protocol.
The ozone layer is an area of the earth’s stratosphere that contains high levels of ozone (O3) and protects the planet from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays. It can absorb roughly 97-99 percent of the sun’s damaging UV radiation, which otherwise can kill life on the Earth.
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Acid rain, also known as acid deposition, is a general phrase that refers to any type of precipitation that contains acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid, and falls to the ground in wet or dry form from the atmosphere. This can include acidic rain, snow, fog, hail, or even dust.
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India’s constitutional framework and international commitments clearly reflects the necessity for environmental protection and conservation, as well as the sustainable use of natural resources. Part IVA (Article 51A-Fundamental Duties) of the Indian Constitution imposes a duty on every Indian citizen to safeguard and improve the natural environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and animals, as well as to have compassion towards living beings.
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Biomass energy is energy generated or produced by living or once-living organisms. Plants receive the sun’s energy through photosynthesis and transform carbon dioxide and water into nutrients. They store this energy in biomass (carbohydrates). We can convert this stored energy into useable energy in both direct and indirect ways. We can burn biomass directly to provide heat, turn it directly to electricity, or process it into biofuel (indirect).
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Fuel cells are electrochemical cells that use a pair of redox reactions to transform the chemical energy of a fuel (typically hydrogen) and an oxidising agent (usually oxygen) into electricity. It finds various applications, including transportation, industrial/commercial/residential structures, and long-term grid energy storage in reversible systems.
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Surveying is a branch of civil engineering which determines the relative position of points on the earth. Traverse surveying is a type of surveying in which we connect the survey lines to form a framework. The length of survey lines is calculated using an angle measuring instrument and a tape. Some important traversing methods are Chain traversing, Chain and compass traversing,
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Tidal energy is a form of renewable energy in which we convert the tidal action in the ocean to electric power. It takes advantage of the natural rise and fall of coastal tidal waters. The interaction of the Sun’s and Moon’s gravitational fields generates these tides. The variation in water level generated by tides includes a lot of potential energy. We convert this potential energy to electrical energy in a tidal power station.
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Types of glass and their applications and advantages is what described in this article. Glass is one of the most innovative human inventions having unique properties.
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Wind energy or wind power refers to the process of using the wind to generate mechanical or electrical power. This mechanical energy can be employed for specialized purposes such as pumping water or it can be converted to electricity using a generator. A wind farm is a collection of wind turbines that are all located in the same area. A huge wind farm can include hundreds of separate wind turbines spread out over a vast region.
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Sun emits radiation in the form of electromagnetic waves in all directions. This radiation has the potential to increase the temperature of materials, cause chemical reactions and generate electricity. Solar energy is the radiant heat and light from the Sun that we capture using a variety of technologies, including solar power to create electricity, solar thermal energy, such as solar water heating, and solar architecture.
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Sustainable waste management refers to the collection, transportation, valuation, and disposal of different types of garbage in a manner that does not damage the environment, human health, or future generations. It encompasses all activities involved in waste management, from production to final treatment.
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Indoor Plants are those plants that are cultivated indoors, usually in spaces like homes and workplaces for decorative purposes. Tropical or semi-tropical epiphytes, succulents, and cacti are common indoor plants. They require the right amount of hydration, light, soil, temperature, and humidity. Most indoor plants will quickly perish if these criteria are not met. In addition, indoor plants require the proper fertiliser and pot size.
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Sustainable architecture aims to reduce buildings’ negative environmental impacts by using materials, energy and development space with efficiency and in moderation. The goal of sustainable architecture is to ensure that our use of currently available resources does not have a negative impact on our collective well-being and future generations.
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Hydroponics is a type of horticulture that involves using nutrient solutions in an aqueous solvent to grow plants without soil. In this technique, we expose the roots of terrestrial plants to a nutrient solution or an inert medium such as perlite, gravel, or other substrates. They also act as physical support to the roots.
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Plastering is the process of covering the walls with plaster. The main purpose of doing plastering is to provide a smooth finishing surface and for avoiding deterioration of the walls. Plaster is a plastic material that is a mixture of cement, sand with water. A good plaster should not show any volume change after drying and should not develop cracks. It also helps in making the structure weather resistant and durable
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Aeroponic farming involves growing plants hung in a closed or semi-closed environment by spraying a nutrient-rich water solution onto the plant’s dangling roots and lower stem. Plants are normally inserted into the holes on top of a reservoir and placed into a sealed container.
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The plinth beam is a horizontal structural element constructed at the plinth level. Substructure and superstructure are the most important component in a building. The substructure is the part of the building below the ground level where the superstructure is the part of the building above the ground level. The plinth level is a level in between the substructure and superstructure. It comes after the construction of the foundation.
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Types of levelling – Leveling is a branch of surveying that deals with computing and determining the relative heights between different points with respect to the datum. The purpose of leveling is for determining the elevation of a point and establishing the same at a given elevation. Moreover leveling deals with the computation of measurements in the vertical plane. There are different types of leveling in Surveying. In this article, we will discuss the purpose and types of leveling.
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Landfills are a regular occurrence all over the world, owing to the rising volume of trash generated by our homes, schools, offices, hospitals, and markets. The rising number of landfills around the world is largely due to increased urbanisation and population growth rates. As the world’s population and cities develop, so does the need for goods and commodities. Consequently, the amount of solid trash produced also increases. They eventually reach landfills. In this blog, let’s go on a trip to a landfill and understand its operation, lifecycle and impacts.
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Segregation is the separation of concrete ingredients from one another. Concrete is one of the most used construction materials. It consists of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement and water. There are many reasons for the cause of segregation. In this article, we will define segregation, as well as its types and causes.
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The causes of land pollution can be direct, such as when toxic chemicals are dumped directly on a site, or indirect, such as when harmful chemicals leak through the soil from particulates produced through vehicle exhausts or combustion. We must understand the causes of soil pollution in order to develop and execute solutions.
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Types of doors commonly used in residential, commercial, and industrial construction depend on the application area, durability required, the purpose of the door, etc.
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The beam is a horizontal structural member in a building. The main function beam is to withstand the lateral loads on the axis of the beam. They can also withstand shear forces and bending moments. Also, it helps in transferring loads to the column. The mode of deflection in a beam is through bending. In this article, we will discuss the various types of the beam in a building.
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Land pollution has disastrous effects, particularly in the survival of animals and humans, as well as in the quality of soil and water. Human activities have increasingly ruined and degraded land since the dawn of industrialization, producing diseases in humans and animals and limiting the capacity to support ecosystems and varied life forms. In this blog, I will show you the effects of land pollution in detail and how it drastically affects the entire ecosystem and threatens the survival of our planet.
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Land Pollution is a hidden threat looming large around us. When it comes to air or water pollution, the impacts are more prominent and visible. This is since we can observe the pollutants’ impact and their magnitude. On the contrary, we may not be able to see the consequences of land pollution clearly, but the land is being constantly degraded and exploited. And, we are unable to assess the costs. Land pollution has emerged as one of the most severe issues we face as a society today.
It is alarming to note that over 75% of the land area on earth is degraded. In this blog, I will walk you through what is land pollution, different types of land pollutants, their effects and ways to prevent the degradation of our land.
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Reading the floor plan is an important skill that a civil engineer should possess. There are different types of areas in the floor plan of a building. In this article, we will see about the different types of areas.
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Noise Pollution is an invisible danger looming around all of us along with air pollution and water pollution. According to the World Health Organization, there are 360 million persons with hearing loss globally, with 32 million of them being children. According to the European Environment Agency, noise pollution causes 72,000 hospital admissions and 16,600 premature deaths in Europe each year.
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The effects of noise pollution are far-reaching than we consider them to be. It’s easy to believe that noise isn’t a major health concern; it’s just noise after all and not going to harm us, right? Well, the noise booming around all of us is causing permanent damages without our knowledge.
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Tunnel engineering is a branch of civil engineering that deals with construction of tunnels. There is much more to know about the amazing sector. Needless to say, no tiny virus can be a reason to prevent us from transporting for essential purposes. Therefore, the career opportunities are always out there for you. In this blog, I will walk you through the basics of tunnel engineering, the works done by a tunnel engineer, and fundamental details about tunnels. And finally the advantages and disadvantages of tunnels.
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Penetration resistance test is a concrete non-destructive test. This test determines the strength of concrete by penetrating a steel rod. Non-destructive test (NDT) and destructive tests (DT) are the the tests done one hardened concrete. Concrete is the oldest and most important construction material in the world. Testing of the concrete plays and important role to know about the strength, durability and condition of the structure.
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Tertiary wastewater treatment, also known as advanced wastewater treatment, is the third step of wastewater treatment. After secondary treatment, tertiary treatment of effluent entails several extra procedures to minimise organics, turbidity, nitrogen, phosphorus, metals, and pathogens. Most methods include physicochemical treatments such as coagulation, filtration, organics adsorption on activated carbon, reverse osmosis, and further disinfection.
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Specific gravity and water absorption test are significant tests on aggregates. Perhaps aggregates are the fundamental and essential components of concrete and play a significant role in the design mix of concrete. More than 70 to 80 per cent of the volume of concrete is aggregate. Hence the water absorption and specific gravity test are essential tests.
The specific gravity is the measure of strength, while water absorption indicates the porosity of aggregates.
The soundness of the cement is the ability to resist volume changes after hardening. The soundness test on cement is significant because using unsound cement leads to cracks and hamper the structural quality. A sound cement Cement is one of the key materials used in construction. Therefore it is essential to determine its quality before using it in construction.
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Surveying is a branch of civil engineering that determines the relative position of points on the earth. It is the primary process to be done to before planning a new project. The main objective of surveying is to determine the direction, horizontal distance, elevation, areas etc to draft layouts at a predetermined scale.
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Curing is the process that helps in maintaining moisture to allow fresh concrete to attain its desired strength in a planned manner through a hydration reaction. If the water evaporates quickly, the requisite amount of water will not be available for the hydration process. The curing of concrete helps to retain the concrete moisture until the hydration process is complete and concrete attains the requisite strength.
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Sewage is a type of wastewater that enters the sewerage system from household bathrooms, toilets, kitchens, laundries and drains. It consists of approximately 99.6% water and 0.4% of biodegradable pollutants and small solid particles
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Primary treatment for wastewater involves temporarily storing sewage in a calm basin where heavy materials sink and oil, grease, and lighter solids float to the top. Wastewater reaching a treatment plant through pipes first undergoes primary treatment irrespective of its source.
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Chemical Oxygen Demand and Total Organic Carbon are widely used analysis methods in water treatment plants, petrochemicals and drinking water treatment. Chemical Oxygen Demand evaluates all chemically oxidizable components. It can be directly linked to the effluent’s actual oxygen requirement on releasing into the environment.
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Constructed wetlands are manmade wetlands that find applications in land reclamation after mining and compensating for natural areas lost to development. They operate as a biofilter and remove a variety of pollutants from the water such as organic substances, fertilisers, pathogens, and heavy metals. It can also eradicate pathogens (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths) to a certain extent.
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Water pollution has become a pressing problem all over the globe. All water bodies have an innate ability to cleanse themselves. They can easily handle small volumes of pollutants and degrade them with the help of dissolved oxygen and the microbial population residing there. However, every day, 2 million tons of sewage, industrial, and agricultural waste reaches water bodies all over the world
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Eutrophication is a severe environmental concern because it frequently leads to deterioration of water quality and dissolved oxygen depletion in the water bodies. Eutrophic waters can eventually turn into “dead zones” that can not support life.
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A dog-legged staircase is the simplest, common, space-saving, and economical staircase type used in commercial, industrial and residential buildings. A dog-legged staircase consists of two flights running in opposite directions and parallel to each other. They are separated categorically by a landing when the flights change direction.
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Secondary treatment of wastewater removes the dissolved organic matter that escapes primary treatment. It also eliminates a higher percentage of suspended solids. In this blog, I will walk you through various biological methods used in the secondary treatment of wastewater.
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The activated sludge process is a type of wastewater treatment that uses aeration and a biological floc made up of bacteria and protozoa to clean sewage or industrial wastewaters. The activated sludge process is a biological process
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Water Pollutants kill more people every year than from all forms of violence including war, according to the UNDESA. Every day, 2 million tons of sewage, industrial, and agricultural waste reaches water bodies all over the world. With the growth of the human population, industrial and agricultural activities the hydrological cycle got disrupted. As a result, declining water quality has become a global issue of concern. In this blog, I will take you on a short trip exploring the various water pollutants, its sources and effects.
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All cement companies manufacture cement according to the standards and there is nothing like a best cement or best brand. The major factor deciding the best cement company in india is basically the production, marketing and distribution network the company own in that particular region or the regional availability of that cement brand.
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Millions of Indians are constantly exposed to polluted air. For instance, they breathe up to 25 micro grams/cubic metre of the lethal, microscopic pollutant PM 2.5 on a 24-hour average. This is well above the World Health Organization’s (WHO) limit of 10 micrograms/cubic metre. Hence it’s the need of the hour that we take measures for air pollution control and prevention. In this blog, let’s dive deep into some of the air pollution control devices which can tackle industrial emissions.
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Most of the times you can’t see it or smell it, but air pollutants kills. As the level of air pollutants in our atmosphere are rising at an alarming rate we must be aware of them. In the previous blogs, we had described the causes and effects of air pollution. Today let’s dive deep into various air pollutants.
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The consistency of cement mortar is its ability to flow. The consistency test on cement is performed to determine the water necessary for attaining standard consistency or normal consistency.
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According to the recently released IQAir AirVisual 2020 World Air Quality Report, India is home to 15 of the world’s 20 most polluted cities. Would you believe it if I say that a public emergency was declared in a city after its air quality index plunged to ‘severe plus’ levels of about 530? This happened nowhere other than New Delhi. Read on to find more about the Delhi Air Quality Index and what were the causes of this extreme level of pollution.
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A clean and balanced Earth, where everyone owns and bears responsibility for ensuring an equal and good quality of life. It can be made possible through safe drinking water, proper sanitation, and best hygiene practices. This is what Public Health Engineering envisions for our society. It is a specialisation in civil engineering.
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an indispensable part of any proposed project be it governmental or non-governmental. Environmental Impact Assessment is the method of assessing the possible environmental consequences of a proposed project or development.In this blog I will show you what is EIA, its procedure, benefits and shortcomings.
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E-waste or electronic waste is generated when an electronic product reaches the end of its useful life, The rapid advancement of technology, combined with our consumer-driven culture, has resulted in a massive amount of e-waste. Electronic waste refers to devices that have been discarded electrically or electronically. E-waste includes used electronics that are destined for refurbishment, reuse, resale, salvage recycling via resource recovery, or disposal.
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A green roof, also known as a living roof, is a building’s roof that is covered in vegetation and a growing medium. This is planted over a waterproofing membrane. Additional layers, such as a root barrier, drainage, and irrigation systems, can be used. Green roofs with rooftop ponds are another form of green roof that is used to treat greywater.
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A thermal bridge is a part of an object that has a higher thermal conductivity than the surrounding areas. This allows heat to flow through it with the least amount of resistance. The object’s thermal resistance is reduced as a result of thermal bridges. It is also known as a cold bridge, heat bridge, or thermal bypass.
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Chain surveying is a form of surveying that only takes linear measurements in the field. This is appropriate for surveying small areas with clear details and a relatively flat area. It gets its name from the fact that the chain is the most widely used piece of equipment.
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Lightweight aggregate is a widely used construction material owing to its versatile properties. Lightweight aggregate is a coarse aggregate used to make lightweight concrete for structural as well as non-structural applications. In this blog, I will walk you through what is a lightweight aggregate, its properties, applications and manufacturing process. The lightweight aggregate used in concrete may have any form, including cubical, rounded, angular, and other shapes. Its workability is directly influenced by its form and texture. These aggregates are known for absorbing little water and maintaining their low density.
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Air pollution is one of our era’s biggest scourges, not only because of the impact it causes on climate change but also because it influences public and individual health due to increased illness and death. The effects of air pollution range from environmental effects like global warming to even financial and health effects like coma and death. The causes of it can be natural or anthropogenic.
Here’s the truth. According to WHO figures, air pollution-related diseases claimed the lives of 6.5 million people globally in 2012. That’s more than HIV/AIDS, TB, and road accidents combined, accounting for 11.6% of all world deaths.
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Air Pollution meteorology deals with the meteorological processes near to the earth’s surface which consists of the impacts of meteorology on air pollutants and the effects of pollutants on meteorology. In this blog, I will show you some important terms related to air pollution meteorology, environmental stability and types of plumes.
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Air pollution killed approximately 1.7 million Indians in 2019, according to a report by the interdisciplinary journal Lancet Planetary Health. The causes of air pollution can be natural or man-made. Breathing fresh and pure air has become nearly impossible due to the increased quantity of contaminants in the air.
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Cement is one of the oldest and most used binding materials and an integral ingredient used in the construction sector. The quality, serviceability, and stability of a structure are directly related to the quality of cement used in it. Hence it is required to analyse the quality of cement before using it for works. The tests for determining cement quality are split into two major categories.
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The rebound hammer test is one of the non-destructive concrete tests. The Non-destructive test is the process of detection of defects in concrete without its destruction. The determination of concrete quality is necessary for both fresh concrete and hardened concrete. The rebound hammer test is the common test for determining quality for existing structures.
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The splitting tensile strength test is one of the tests conducted on hardened concrete. The tensile strength is one of the fundamental characteristics of concrete. Concrete is a durable construction material with adequate strength. Hence The test on hardened concrete is essential.
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ALC Panel or Autoclaved Lightweight Aerated Concrete panel is composite material consists of cement, lime, and silica sand. These panels use two-way welded steel mesh as reinforcement. Reinforcements are treated with anti-rust liquid. ALC panels are manufactured at high temperatures and are steam cured.
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Destructive tests (DT) and Non-destructive tests (DT) are the tests done on hardened concrete. Concrete is the oldest and most important construction material in the world. Testing of the concrete plays an important role to know the strength, durability and condition of the structure. This article is about the types of Destructive and non-destructive tests done on concrete.
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Stones are the form of rocks from the earth’s crust. They find their application in the construction of residential and public buildings, dams, harbours, face-work of structures, road metal, and railway ballast. Besides stones possess good strength and durability.
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Compressive strength is the ability of the concrete to withstand loads without cracking or deformation. Compressive Strength of concrete is defined as the Characteristic strength of 150mm size concrete cubes @28 days. Marginal variations in water to cement ratio, ingredient proportioning, increase in a slump, etc impacts the desired concrete strength which in turn affects the strength and stability of structures.
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Non-destructive test (NDT) and destructive tests (DT) are the the tests done one hardened concrete. Concrete is the oldest and most important construction material in the world. Testing of the concrete plays and important role to know about the strength, durability and condition of the structure. This article is about the types of Destructive and non destructive tests done on concrete.
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Interior paints as the name suggests is the process of decorating the interior walls of a structure. While thinking of interior painting most people are more concerned about colours, shades, and textures. They never focus on the type of paint to be used for their interiors. The paint types to be used determine the durability, sheen and elegance, and life of the interiors and structures.
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A spillway is a structure that allows water from a dam or levee to be released in a regulated manner downstream, usually into the riverbed of the dammed river. Before going into their classification, let’s first understand why dams require a spillway.
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Geosynthetics are planar products made of polymeric materials that are used in conjunction with soil, rock, earth, or other geotechnical engineering-related materials as part of a man-made project, structure, or device. The products’ polymer nature makes them ideal for use in the ground where long-term durability is needed.
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Sustainable cities are those that are dedicated to achieving environmental, social and economic sustainability for existing populations without jeopardising the ability of future generations to experience the same
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Concrete pumps are devices that transport liquid concrete from a concrete source to a casting location. In this blog, I will show you the basic theory, forms, and selection of concrete pumps
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Earthquake Engineering though not a mainstream engineering branch, is a widely researched topic now. Though all of us wouldn’t have experienced an earthquake most of us must have seen news and videos about the tremendous loss it causes. Looks scary, right? That’s exactly what makes Earthquake Engineering a subject of immense possibilities and research.
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Flow table test is on concrete is done to determine the fluidity of concrete. This also indicates the workability or consistency of the concrete.
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Kelly ball test is a simple test also known as a ball penetration test. This test determines the workability of fresh concrete. It is an alternative to the slump cone test and is an effortless field test of concrete.
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Vee Bee consistometer test determines the workability of concrete. Workability depends on the compactability, stability, finishing ability of the concrete. So this test is conducted in fresh concrete. The IS code 1199 – 1959 describes this test.
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Best Engineering Colleges in India is a topic that every engineering aspirant would love to know. One of the most prestigious and sought-after courses pursued by students in India would be Engineering. Many engineering colleges in India offer undergraduate and postgraduate engineering programs across various disciplines. Students worldwide study at India’s top-ranked engineering colleges and institutes, which annually produce more engineers than most other countries.
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Wastewater treatment is an area where a lot of experts have carried out in-depth research. The method of removing pollutants from wastewater or sewage and converting it into an effluent that can be added to the water cycle is known as wastewater treatment. In wastewater treatment plants, pollutants in wastewater are reduced to a degree that nature can accommodate.
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The monolithic building method is well-known in the world. This technology is used to construct high-rise buildings and skyscrapers. The monolithic structure can withstand high loads (up to 8 points) without being broken, which makes it a suitable candidate to be used in seismic zones.
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Compaction factor test is conducted to determine the workability of the concrete. Compaction factor test is a lab test and is generally conducted on concrete samples with very low workability.
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Soundness test determines the disintegration of aggregates due to weathering. This includes freezing, thawing, marine condition etc. However, the weak and porous aggregate shows a change in weight during this soundness test.
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Shape test on coarse aggregates constitutes flakiness Index and elongation index tests. The particle size and shape of aggregate is one of the major factors
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Impact test on aggregate is determines the ability of an aggregate to withstand sudden loads. Aggregates are the significant factor that contributes adequate strength to concrete. Therefore it is important to obtain the right quality aggregate for construction. Aggregates are often subjected to impact due to the movement of vehicles on road. Hence it should possess good impact resistance or else it results in disintegration and breaking into pieces.
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Los Angeles Abrasion test is to measure the abrasion resistance value of aggregates. Aggregate is the fundamental and essential component of concrete, flexible pavements, etc. More than 70 to 80 percent of the volume of concrete is aggregate. Aggregates are the main ingredients of concrete, flexible pavements, etc., so quality matters when it comes to aggregates.
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Aggregate crushing test is done to find out the strength of aggregate which is the fundamental and essential components of concrete, flexible pavements, etc. More than 70 to 80 per cent of the volume of concrete is aggregate. Aggregates are a very important component of concrete, so the quality really matters when it comes to aggregates. Furthermore, their uses include flexible pavements, railway ballast, etc.
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Bitumen is a binding material extensively used in the construction of flexible pavements, damp-proofing of the basement, floors, waterproofing of roofs, corrosion protection of reinforcement structures, etc. The bitumen is viscous black or brown mixture of hydrocarbons obtained as a byproduct on refining crude petroleum.
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Marble is one of the most durable, elegant, and beautiful flooring materials used for centuries. Marble flooring is a superior quality flooring that can match any architecture concept and never get outdated. Apart from presenting luxurious interiors, the marble flooring can enhance the value of the building.
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Empire state building remains one of the most distinctive and prominent buildings in the United States. And it is one of Modernist Art Deco design’s best examples. Empire State Building, a 102-story steel-framed skyscraper completed in New York City in 1931 and the world’s tallest building until 1971
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The Lotus Temple has received several architectural awards and has been published in various articles in newspapers and magazines. A 2001 article by CNN referred to it as the world’s most visited building. Today, we are going to discuss about this amazing marvel.
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Transparent aluminum is a form of aluminum that is see-through. The concept originated from the Star Trek series in the early 70s. We cannot create transparent aluminum in real life but can manufacture a near similar product from aluminum oxynitride or AION. This article specifies the manufacturing process, ingredients, and applications of Transparent aluminum.
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A reservoir is an artificial or natural structure for collecting and storing for further usages. The reservoir is formed by constructing dams across rivers, valleys, and streams.
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Water proofing is a method of applying coatings to a structure to make it waterproof or leak proof. Waterproofing is one of the most critical construction activities meant for enhancing the life and stability of the building/structure.
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Types of Dams : Dams are large impounding structure or barriers which are outlined and constructed on a river or stream. Dams provide a wide variety of environmental, economic, and social benefits. The configuration and type of dam built should fulfil one or more purposes. This article is about the criteria for the selection of dam types.
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A cloverleaf interchange is a two-level interchange at which left turns are done by ramp roads (reverse directions in left-driving regions) (US: ramps, UK: slip roads). Vehicles first proceed to go left (in right-hand traffic) as one lane crosses over or below the other, then exit right onto a one-way three-fourth loop ramp (270 °)
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Dams are obstructions constructed across the water bodies to control the water flow and water levels. Dams serve as a water source for human consumption, irrigation purpose, power generation, prevention of floods when there is a sudden discharge of floodwater.
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Smart cities are becoming popular in several countries. The working of such cities are appreciable wonderful. They incorporate technology for solving various issues. In general, a smart city is a city that uses technology to provide services and solve city problems.
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There are different types of buildings. We can classify them according to various criteria. With the advent of technology, new categories are included each day.
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The plastic road is made fully plastic or by mixing plastic components with bitumen. The concept of the plastic road is first developed by Rajagopalan Vasudevan. Through this method, Plastics are reused and plastic waste disposal are reduced. These are entirely different from standard roads.
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Smart roads and other smart road technologies are relevant to the advancement of the transportation sector of a country. We are going to dig deep into this in the upcoming sections. We’ve all learned about connected vehicles, self-driving cars, GPS mapping, applications for route optimization and ride-hailing services, after all
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Ready mix plaster is a blend of cement and fine graded sand mixed with polymer additives in right proportions and available in a ready to use form. They are applied by simply mixing water in right proportions. Ready-mix plaster are used extensively in brick works, block work and plastering works.
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BIM is one of the trending civil engineering technological advancements. It has impacted the construction sector hugely and continue to make it better and better. It is a highly collaborative process that allows multiple stakeholders and AEC (architecture, engineering, construction) professionals to collaborate on the planning, design, and construction of a building within one 3D model.
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Today, we are going to talk about one of the interesting innovations, smart building. With the advancement of technology, civil engineering has seen mouthful innovations in the past decade. A smart building is any structure that uses automated processes, including heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, safety and other systems, to automatically control the building’s operations.
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Hyperloop technology has been in main stream headlines ever since Elon Musk announced its construction. Today, we are going to discuss in details about all the aspect of a hyperloop. The working of hyperloop, its pros and cons, technical details, will be explained in each of the following sections.
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Bridge components play and important role in the construction of a bridge . A bridge is a structure built over physical obstacles such as water bodies like rivers, lakes, canals, etc, and valleys, roads, etc with minimal obstructing to the area below.
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Components of road or elements of road plays an important part in ensuring the safety and service life of a road. The most important elements of roads are listed below.
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Road pavement structure: Road is the most important structure that decides the economic growth of a country. The road structure to be constructed based on the traffic requirements, climatic conditions of the area, terrain, etc.
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Blockboard vs plywood, Most people get confused with these terms because of the similarity in looks, and both products are popularly used in interior works, home decor, and furniture works. In reality, both these materials are different types of engineered wood and possess entirely different properties, and are used for specific interior applications.
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The ecological footprint is gaining significance in the era of advancements. The unsustainable developments and rapid technological developments in the infrastructure says its high time we give significance to the concept.
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Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) is a type of Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC). The main constituents are cement, sand, silica fume, steel fiber and quartz powder with minimal water to binder ratio, without coarse aggregate. In RPC, water- binder ratio is very low, CA is absent- reduce the heterogeneity of concrete mix and optimize microstructure. Precise gradation of particles yields compact, well-arranged and high strength hydrates of maximum density.
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MSE retaining walls means mechanically stabilised earth or reinforced earth. This is an earth retaining system where compacted granular soil is reinforced with horizontal layers of steel strips or geo-synthetic materials.
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Soil nailing is a slope protection technique for supporting unstable natural slopes and over steeping of existing slopes.
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Remote Sensing has been leveraged for various applications in various fields. We will see the definition, components & applications in civil engineering in this blog. Remote sensing is the technology of acquiring information about the Earth’s surface without actually being in contact with it. This is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and applying that information.
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Anchored retaining wall system is a structural element installed through the rock or soil to transfer the tensile forces developed in the structure to the ground. Anchored retaining walls are often slimmer than all their counterparts like gravity walls and cantilever retaining walls.
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Shotcrete is a method of placing concrete where concrete/mortar is sprayed at high velocity to an overhead or vertical surface. Concrete is conventionally placed on the ground or to the formwork and compacted using appropriate vibration methods.
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Heard about infrared thermography? We are going to deal with the topic in today’s blog. I will walk you through the principle behind the technology, the classification based on its working, applications and the advantages and disadvantages. Infrared thermography uses thermographic cameras to detect radiation in the long-infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum and generate images of that radiation, called thermograms. The principle behind infrared thermography is that the heat flow through the body is affected by the presence of internal anomalies.
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Retaining walls are rigid walls used for supporting soil laterally so that it can be retained at different levels on the two sides. The soil got a natural angle of repose and when it exceeds the range a retaining wall structure has to be provided.
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The type of Concrete that uses the process of self-filling up of cracks by the help of bacterial reaction in the concrete after hardening is known as Self-healing concrete. Concrete which is made by adding bacteria that precipitate calcite is called bacterial concrete. Bacterial concrete heals cracks around 0.5 mm thickness.
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Retaining walls are rigid structures used for supporting soil laterally and retained at different levels on the two sides.
They are vertical or near-vertical structures constructed to hold soil between two terrains when the slope exceeds the natural angle of repose.
3 d Printing buildings are one of the greatest advancements of technology. The rapidity and accuracy with which the work can be completed is the attraction. We will find out all the details about the important methods of 3 d printing which are concrete printing and contour crafting. The 3D printing process builds a three-dimensional object from a computer-aided design (CAD) model, by successively adding material layer by layer.
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Causes of cracks in building varies with the type of building and construction. Cracks are always a hint of the stability and strength of the structure. Here we are going to find out the main causes and the remedial measures to tackle each of them. There are 14 causes of cracks in building Let’s jump right into one at a time. Joints need to be built like construction joints, expansion joints, control joints and slip joints.
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Gypsum plaster is produced by mixing the dry POP powder with clean water in recommended proportions to make a consistent slurry. This gypsum plaster slurry is applied at the desired thickness on walls and ceiling by skilled applicators. This process is called gypsum plastering.
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WPC Board vs Plywood – When you decide to do the interiors of your home or office a lot of materials come to your mind. But choosing the right material is the primary concern and need. Of all the interior materials available in the market Plywood and WPC or Wood plastic composite are the most preferred and commonly used. Which one do you choose?
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Plywood vs natural wood – Which one you prefer. The vast Engineered wood category includes mass timber, composite wood, man-made wood, or manufactured board, which can be a wood derivative or manufactured by binding or fixing the strands, particles, fibres, or veneers together with adhesives or other fixation methods.
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Plywood types : Plywood is one of the most versatile, cheap, and commonly used wood alternative for interior works, furniture, kitchen cabinets, shuttering works, etc.
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Double charge vitrified tiles are manufactured by feeding a double layer of pigments through a press that prints the patterns. The design possibilities of these tiles are limited but got excellent qualities in terms of strength and durability.
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WPC boards or Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) is a hybrid product manufactured by mixing sawdust and plastic materials. WPC boards are used in a wide range of structural and non-structural applications due to their superior qualities and strength when compared with any other materials used for the same purpose.
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Components of railway track are rail section, sleepers, ballast, rail fastenings and subgrade and embankments. I will walk you through each of them in detail. You will get to learn about the functions of rails, functions of sleepers, functions of ballast and about fastening of railway. The rail provide a hard, smooth and unchanging surface for the passage of heavy moving loads.
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Vitrified tiles vs Ceramic tiles -The real difference between ceramic and vitrified tile is still out of reach to a consumer. For an average consumer Ceramic tiles, vitrified tiles/ porcelain tiles, etc are simply tiles used for flooring or cladding works
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Ceramic tiles vs Vitrified tiles – The real difference between ceramic and vitrified tile is still out of reach to a consumer. For an average consumer Ceramic tiles, vitrified tiles/ porcelain tiles, etc are simply tiles used for flooring or cladding works …
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Types of vitrified tiles – Vitrified tiles are ceramic tiles with less porosity. Various types of vitrified tiles are available for catering to different functional requirements. Vitrified tiles are considered superior quality tiles compared with ceramic tiles
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Water to cement ratio is the ratio between the weight of water to the cement weight used in a concrete design mix. The water to cement ratio can significantly impact the workability and strength of the concrete.
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Classification of roads can be done based on type of road surface, location, function, road traffic, type fo road pavement, weather and lanes. are the cheapest type of road and is used at the places where traffic is rare. The type of road surface used in these roads is soil. The pavement structure is totally made up of soil available at site
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Types of Deep Foundation – Foundations are broadly classified into shallow foundations and deep foundations. This article is a total overview of Deep Foundations and types of Deep Foundations.
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Need for intelligent transportation system 1. The transportation system framework is highly complex 2. It is composed of a wide range of infrastructures, such as terminal facilities, travel ways, transportation fleets, and information systems 3. Transport should be open and accessible, extensive and ubiquitous, effective and adaptable Applications of ITS, disadvantages and examples of ITS is also discussed
Read moreTypes of foundations – This article is about the types of foundations in Civil engineering. Foundation is the most significant part of any structure/building which transfers the total loads of the structure and its components to a competent surface on the ground. Foundations are broadly classified into two types.
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AAC blocks vs red bricks – A comparison of technical properties, Savings in terms of labour/materials etc. AAC blocks superior to red bricks
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Final year civil engineering projects -major topics in structural, hydraulics, environmental, geotechnical and transportation engineering. – Importance of final year projects are, 1.They open the window to your interest after graduation 2. You get to participate in a team and improve leadership skills etc. And things to consider before you start doing the team project
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15 ways to conserve water-1. Make effective use of soil water reserves 2. Take measures to avoid run off 3. Use rainwater effectively 4. Rational use of groundwater 5. Redistribution of water 6. Protection of water from pollusion 7. Traditional ways to conserve water 8. Use of modern ways to conserve water 9. Increasign forest cover…
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The advantages of AAC blocks stamps it as a perfect and superior building material in comparison with conventional bricks. Advantages of AAC blocks and their properties are listed out in detail.
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AAC Blocks or Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks are a lightweight, load-bearing, durable, eco-sensitive, and economical alternative and can be manufactured to meet any dimension requirements. AAC blocks are considered as an alternative and green option against conventional bricks due to its enormous qualities in terms of insulation, fire-resistant, and thermal resistant properties.
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Reinforced cement concrete design methods 1. Working stress method 2. Limit state method… Uses of RCC, Properties of RCC, major books..
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Powder coating process is a method of spraying electrostatically charged dry powder. The powder coating process is also known as ESD process
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Aluminium Anodising is an electrochemical process done on aluminium to increase the thickness of thin natural oxide coating and thereby enhance its corrosion resistant properties.
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I welcomed you to the world of building materials and construction in the previous blog Basic of civil engineering; Simple and in-depth guide. Here we are going to meet the frontbenchers in the list. They are,
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Design requirements of a building plan, Principles of design of building plan 1. For orientation 2. For energy efficiency 3. For suitable utility
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Micropiles are best suited for piling, retrofitting & underpinning works, slope protection, soil stabilisation, etc. Micropiles are reliable
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GFRG panel house is an innovative, highly efficient, and cost-effective sustainable housing option. GFRG panels are very easy to construct…
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Basic of civil engineering 1.Basic of building planning a.Basic elements of building:Foundation,Superstructure… 2.Basic of surveying…
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Vastu for kitchen- best if the kitchen is located in the southeast quadrant…center of dining room should be kept empty to allow the air circulation. Lighter pieces, such as a bureau, can be safely placed in the north, the east, or the northeast of the room
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Balancing rafts or floating rafts principle is that total weight of the soil and water excavated equals to the total load of the structure.
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Why a vastu home is the best? House in the south and west will receive a greater amount of eastern sun from the northeast. Interior layout and furniture placement.
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LEED certification is important to achieve sustainability. What’s leed certification? How to get leed certification? LEED certification process comprising of 4 stages. Leed certification check list and differenct levels. Then pointing system for 1. Location and transportation 2. Sustainable sites 3. Water efficiency 4. Energy and atmosphere 5. Materials and resources 6. Indoor environmental air quality…
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Important water conservation methods? 1.Effective use of soil water reserves 2.Measures to run off 3.Reuse of urban waste 4.Traditional wa…
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Major rainwater harvesting methods are, 1. Storage for direct use 2. Recharging aquifers from rooftop runoff 3. From ground area. Advantages…
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The past decade has been a witness to a lot of path breaking ideas and tremendous technological advancements. But a building at zero cost?? “The
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When the little kiddo was caged out from her mother’s care to explore the widened garden in the lobby of the home, she yelled in
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Fusion Bonded Epoxy Coating is a thermosetting polymer powder coating applied for protecting reinforcement steel in coastal area concreting. FBE coating…
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