Quality test on stones ||Types and procedures

Quality tests on stones play a crucial role in ensuring the strength, durability, and suitability of stones used in construction works. In civil engineering projects, various tests on stones in civil engineering help engineers evaluate whether a stone can safely withstand loads and environmental exposure. Understanding the types of stones tests is essential for selecting materials for buildings, roads, bridges, and other structures. These evaluations include stone quality tests and procedures that assess properties such as crushing strength, abrasion resistance, water absorption, and weathering performance. Among them, strength tests on stones and durability tests on stones are particularly important to determine long-term performance. This article explains the types of quality tests on stones, along with their procedures, to ensure reliable and safe use in construction applications.

Stones are the form of rocks from the earth’s crust. They find their application in the construction of residential and public buildings, dams, harbours, face-work of structures, road metal, and railway ballast. Besides, stones have good strength and durability. Quality tests on stones are crucial for construction projects. Testing stone ensures that it meets the necessary standards for strength and durability. There are various tests for stones that assess different properties.

Types of Stones Used in Construction

Types of stones used in construction vary based on strength, durability, and application requirements. Granite is a hard and durable stone, widely used in high-stress applications such as foundations and heavy structures; quality tests on stones, including crushing strength tests, confirm its robustness. Limestone is a versatile building stone but remains porous, making water absorption tests on stones essential to assess suitability. Marble is valued for its aesthetic appeal, and abrasion resistance tests ensure its durability for flooring and decorative works. Sandstone, commonly used in paving and masonry walls, requires strength and porosity tests to verify performance. Slate, known for long-term durability, undergoes impact resistance tests and is widely used for roofing and flooring. Proper testing of stones

Qualities of Good Stone

Quality tests on stones help identify the essential qualities of good stone required for durable and safe construction. Stones used in civil engineering must satisfy specific physical and mechanical properties before use.

• A good construction stone must be free from quarry sap
• Heavy stones should have high specific gravity, low porosity, and good compactness
• Stones should have uniform and pleasing colour for decorative applications
• Good stones must have homogeneous composition and low water absorption
• They should possess the ability to take and retain good polish
• Stones must be free from iron oxides and calcium carbonate to improve fire resistance
• Dense stones should withstand weathering and external environmental effects

Also read : 9 lab tests for flexible pavements

Types of quality Tests on stones in civil engineering

Testing on stones are essential to make sure durability and strength in civil engineering and construction. These tests for stones assess various properties. Proper tests on stones prevent structural issues. To conclude the strength, durability and other engineering properties of the stone, the following tests are performed. 

• Acid test
• Attrition test
• Crushing test
• Crystalline test
• Freezing and thawing test
• Hardness Test
• Impact test
• Water absorption test
• Microscopic Test
• Smith’s Test

Acid test for stone quality procedure

The acid test is a crucial procedure in testing stone for quality. Tests on stones in civil engineering help to determine the durability and suitability. Proper tests for stones ensure reliable construction materials. The acid tests determine the presence of calcium carbonate in rocks. The test method is as follows,

• Take some 50 to 100g specimen randomly.
• Then place them in the solution of sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid having 1% strength for about one week.
• Frequently mix the solution and immerse the specimen fully.
• Subsequently, observe the specimen. 
• Specimen with high lime content causes efflorescence due to the presence of an acid solution.

Attrition test on stones

The attrition test indicates the rate of wear of the stone under the sudden impact of loads. Another name of the attrition test is the abrasion test. The apparatus for the attrition test is Devel’s testing machine.

• Take some sample specimen and break them into small pieces having 60mm size.
• Now take 50N of stones and place them in the cylinder of the testing machine. 
• Then close the cylinder and rotate them for 5 hours at a rate of 30 rpm. 
• After 5 hours, take the samples outside and sieve them through a 1.5 mm mesh.
• Weigh the amount of material retained in the sieve and calculate the percentage of wear using the following formula.

Percentage of wear = ( Loss in weight / Initial weight ) x 100

Thus, we get the percentage of wear.

Crushing test on stones

The crushing test gives the strength of the stones. These tests are performed for stones to be used at the bottom of heavy structures.

• For this test, cut the stone specimens into 40mm x40mmx 40mm and dress the sides.
• Minimum of three specimens are needed for this test.
• Before starting, place the specimen in water for 72 hours.
• Then cover the load-bearing surface of the specimen with a plywood layer.
• Now place the specimen in the testing machine.
• Simultaneously, apply load axially at a rate of 13.7 N/mm2 per minute.
• Note down the load at which the stone breaks. Calculate the strength using the following formula.

Crushing strength = Maximum load at which stone breaks / Loaded area 

However even weak stone possess high compression strength. For example, the crushing strength of stone for ordinary building works should not exceed 1N/mm^2. 

Crystalline test on stone

This test defines the weathering nature of stones. To conduct this test we need at least 4 cubes with 40mm size. The crystallisation of Calcium sulphate causes eroding of stones

• To start with first, immerse the samples in a solution of sodium sulphate at normal room temperature.
• After that dry them at 100 degree Celsius and repeat these steps 5 times.
• Then note down their difference in weight in the percentage of the original weight.
• The difference in weight shows the weathering quality of the stones. 

Freezing and Thawing Test on stone

As stones in the construction work are exposed to sunlight, wind, rain etc. This test is necessary to carefully study the behaviour of stone. The test procedure is as follows.

• Take the specimen and immerse it in water for 24 hours.
• Then place it in a freezing mixture at 12 degree Celsius for 24 hours.
• Frequently repeat the above two steps and observe the stone quality. 

Besides, perform this test only in the shade to prevent the consequences of rain, sunlight, etc.

Hardness Test – Main quality test on stone

The hardness of the stone is its ability to resist scratch or rebound.

• For this test, we use a penknife. This can not make a scratch on pard stones like granite.
• Moh’s scale value determines the hardness of the specimen.
• For example, Moh’s scale value is 1. Since it is easily scratchable.
• Likewise for Quartz, Moh’s scale value is 7. Since it cannot be scratched with a knife.

Impact test

The impact test determines the toughness of the stone. The impact testing machine is the apparatus used for this test. The test procedure is as follows.

• Take a specimen in a cylindrical shape with 25mm diameter and 25mm height. 
• Then place it on the cast iron anvil of the machine
• After that, allow a steel hammer of 20N to fall vertically over the specimen
• The first blow height is at 1cm. For the second blow height, it is 2cm and so on. 
• Gradually increase the height of the blow. Finally, note down the height at which the specimen breaks. 
• The height at which the specimen breaks is the toughness index.

Water absorption test

Through this test, we can determine the porosity as well as moisture content. The water absorption test is as follows

• Prepare a stone sample and record its weight asW1
• Then immerse the cube in distilled water for 24 hours. 
• After that wipe the water with a damp piece of cloth. Again weigh the sample as W2.
• Now suspend the cube freely in water and record its weight as W3.
• Subsequently, place the cube in boiling water for five hours. Again weigh the cube and record its weight as W4.
• From the above data, we can also calculate the percentage absorption of water and saturation coefficient using the formula.

Percentage absorption by weight after 24 hours = (W2- W1)/ W * 100

Percentage absorption by volume after 24 hours = (W2 – W1)/( W2 – W1) * 100

Saturation coefficient = Water absorption / Total porosity = (W2- W1) – ( W4- W1)

Microscopic tests to determine the quality on stones

This test helps to study the geology of the stone. The sample is placed for microscopic examination to analyse the below properties.

• Mineral components
• Texture and nature of stones
• Presence of malicious substance
• Determining defects and pores
• Size calculation, etc.

Smiths tests for quality tests on stones

Smith’s test calculates indicates the presence of earth matter in stones. 

• In this test firstly, break the specimen into small pieces.
• Then take a test tube with clear water and place these pieces in it.
• Vigorously shake the test tube. The muddy colour of the water shows the presence of earthy matter.

• Gravity Retaining wall types – Crib, Bin and Gabion Retaining walls
• Specific Gravity and Water absorption test on Aggregate
• Compressive strength test of concrete | Cube test for Concrete
• Air Pollution Effects and Causes – A complete overview
• Difference Between Marble and Tiles – How to make a choice ?

Key Takeaways

• Proper testing of stones reduces structural risks, improves longevity, and ensures reliable construction quality.
• Quality tests on stones ensure strength, durability, and safe performance in construction works.
• Tests on stones in civil engineering help evaluate suitability for buildings, roads, bridges, and heavy structures.
• Understanding types of stones tests supports proper material selection and design decisions.
• Stone quality tests and procedures assess crushing strength, abrasion resistance, water absorption, hardness, and weathering.
• Strength tests on stones determine load-bearing capacity under compressive and impact forces.
• Durability tests on stones evaluate resistance to moisture, freezing, thawing, and environmental exposure.
• Common stones like granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, and slate require specific tests before use.

Conclusion

In conclusion, quality tests on stones play a vital role in ensuring safe and durable construction. Testing stone materials through systematic tests on stones in civil engineering helps engineers assess strength, durability, and suitability for specific applications. Stone quality tests and procedures such as crushing tests, water absorption tests, impact tests, and weathering tests provide essential data for material selection. Strength tests on stones confirm their ability to withstand loads, while durability tests on stones ensure resistance to environmental and climatic effects. Different types of stones used in construction, including granite, limestone, marble, sandstone, and slate, require appropriate testing before use. Incorporating proper tests on stones into construction practice ensures structural integrity, reduces maintenance issues, and guarantees long-term performance and safety of engineering structures.